1. Introduction to Microeconomics & Consumer Equilibrium

• Central Problems of an Economy (Ek arthvyavastha ki kendriya samasyayein kya hain?)
• Utility Analysis: Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility (CVM ka niyam)
• Indifference Curve (IC) aur iski properties kya hain?
• Consumer Equilibrium through Indifference Curve approach.

2. Demand and Elasticity of Demand

• Law of Demand aur iske exceptions (apwaad).
• Movement along Demand Curve vs Shift in Demand Curve.
• Price Elasticity of Demand (Maang ki kiemat loch) ko measure karne ke methods (Percentage method).

3. Producer Behaviour and Supply

• Law of Variable Proportions (Parivartin anupat ka niyam) - Very Important for 6-marks questions!
• Relationship between TP, AP, and MP.
• Producer's Equilibrium (MR-MC approach).
• Law of Supply and Elasticity of Supply.

4. Forms of Market and Price Determination

• Features of Perfect Competition, Monopoly, and Monopolistic Competition.
• Determination of Equilibrium Price under Perfect Competition (Demand & Supply curves ke zariye).
• Price Ceiling aur Price Floor kya hota hai?

1. National Income and Related Aggregates

• GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP at Factor Cost and Market Price definitions.
• Circular Flow of Income (Two-sector model).
• Methods of Calculating National Income: Value Added Method, Income Method, and Expenditure Method (Numericals aana fix hai!).

2. Money and Banking

• Functions of Money (Mudra ke karya).
• Commercial Bank kaise money create karta hai (Money Creation / Credit Creation process).
• Central Bank aur uske functions (Banker's bank, Controller of money supply, Repo rate, CRR, SLR).

3. Determination of Income and Employment

• Aggregate Demand (AD) aur uske components.
• Propensity to Consume (APC & MPC) aur Propensity to Save (APS & MPS).
• Investment Multiplier (Nivesh Gunak) aur iska formula (K = 1 / (1-MPC)).
• Excess Demand aur Deficient Demand ko thik karne ke fiscal aur monetary measures.

4. Government Budget and Foreign Exchange

• Objectives of Government Budget.
• Revenue Receipt vs Capital Receipt, Revenue Expenditure vs Capital Expenditure.
• Fiscal Deficit, Revenue Deficit, aur Primary Deficit ke formulas aur unke implications.
• Balance of Payments (BOP) Current Account vs Capital Account.

Q1. Class 12 Economics mein kaun sa part sabse zyada scoring hai?

Macroeconomics (National Income aur Money & Banking) ke numericals aur long questions zyada scoring hote hain agar aapke concepts clear hain.

Q2. Kya Economics ke paper mein diagrams banana zaroori hai?

Haan, micro aur macro dono sections mein jahan zaroorat ho, wahan neat aur properly labeled diagram banane se examiners par accha impression padta hai.

Q3. 2027 board exam ke liye preparation kahan se shuru karein?

Aap NCERT textbooks ke sath chapter-wise important questions practice karein aur Disha Online Classes ke courses join karke structured study follow kar sakte hain.